Superisometric aquatic training in the physical preparation of soccer players / Treinamento aquático superisométrico no preparo físico de futebolistas / Entrenamiento acuático superisométrico en la preparación física de futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the growing importance of physical training over sport training for competition, more research has been conducted. One of the least explored techniques is superisometric aquatic training. Objective: Study the application of super-isometric aquatic training to the physical training of soccer athletes. Methods: A literature review was performed to elaborate an experimental protocol. The experimental method was conducted on 24 university volunteers randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Classical training was conducted for two weeks between the groups, superisometric aquatic training was added only in the experimental group. Through the mathematical-statistical method, a comparative analysis of the research results was elaborated, and the effects of the intervention were discussed. Results: The movement time of the athletes in the experimental training group was reduced by 1.89s. The performance of running, tapping, standing jump, and weightlifting tests is not significantly different from those of the traditional strength training group. Conclusion: The application of superisometric aquatic training in the physical preparation of soccer players increased the overall strength of athletes,and also beneficially influenced specific activities of the sport. It is recommended to analyze the characteristics of the athlete and integrate superisometric training to general strength traispecificcally to the need of each athlete. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Com a crescente importância do treinamento físico sobre o treinamento esportivo para competição, um número cada vez maior de pesquisas vem sendo realizado. Uma das técnicas pouco exploradas é o treinamento aquático superisométrico. Objetivo: Estudar a aplicação do treinamento aquático superisométrico ao treinamento físico de preparo dos atletas de futebol. Métodos: Uma análise da literatura foi efetuada para elaborar um protocolo experimental. O método experimental foi conduzido sobre 24 universitários voluntários divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle e experimental. O treinamento clássico foi conduzido por duas semanas entre os grupos, o treinamento aquático superisométrico foi adicionado apenas no grupo experimental. Através do método estatístico matemático uma análise comparativa dos resultados da pesquisa foi elaborada e os efeitos da intervenção foram discutidos. Resultados: O tempo de movimento dos atletas no grupo de treinamento experimental foi reduzido em 1,89s. O desempenho de corrida, toque, salto em pé e os resultados dos testes de levantamento de peso não foram significativamente diferentes daqueles do grupo de treinamento de força tradicional. Conclusão: A aplicação do treinamento aquático superisométrico no preparo físico de futebolistas aumentou a força geral dos atletas, também influenciou beneficamente em atividades específicas do esporte. Recomenda-se analisar as características do esportista e integrar o treinamento superisométrico ao treinamento de força geral especificamente à necessidade de cada esportista. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con la creciente importancia de la preparación física en el entrenamiento deportivo para la competición, se ha realizado un número cada vez mayor de investigaciones. Una de las técnicas poco exploradas es el entrenamiento acuático superisométrico. Objetivo: Estudiar la aplicación del entrenamiento acuático superisométrico a la preparación física de los deportistas de fútbol. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura para elaborar un protocolo experimental. El método experimental se llevó a cabo con 24 voluntarios universitarios divididos aleatoriamente en grupos de control y experimentales. El entrenamiento clásico se realizó durante quince días entre los grupos, el entrenamiento acuático superisométrico se añadió sólo en el grupo experimental. Mediante el método estadístico matemático se elaboró un análisis comparativo de los resultados de la investigación y se discutieron los efectos de la intervención. Resultados: El tiempo de movimiento de los atletas del grupo de entrenamiento experimental se redujo en 1,89s. El rendimiento de la carrera, el golpeo, el salto de pie y los resultados de las pruebas de levantamiento de pesas no fueron significativamente diferentes de los del grupo de entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional. Conclusión: La aplicación del entrenamiento acuático superisométrico en la preparación física de los jugadores de fútbol aumentó la fuerza general de los atletas, también influyó beneficiosamente en las actividades específicas del deporte. Se recomienda analizar las características del deportista e integrar el entrenamiento superisométrico al entrenamiento de fuerza general de forma específica a la necesidad de cada deportista. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos -investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Strength training in the lower limbs of soccer players / Treinamento de força nos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol / Entrenamiento de fuerza en las extremidades inferiores de los futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The isometric weight training method combines the benefits of physical endurance and hypertrophy. This teaching method performs the isometric exercise with the appropriate body weight. Objective: Study the effects of isometric training with weights on soccer players' explosive strength of the lower limbs. Methods: Twenty soccer players were randomly selected and divided equally into experimental and control groups. The real training situation of the athletes was used. The experimental group adopted the isometrics teaching method with weight, while the control group used conventional muscle strength training. The lower limb strength of the two groups of athletes was compared before and after the experiment. Results: The extensor force growth rate in the experimental groups was significantly increased at medium, high and low speeds, while the peak torque did not show significant changes. The soccer players had their muscle strength improved. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Isometric weight training significantly improves mid and fast-extensor muscle strength in young soccer players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O método de ensino por isometria com peso combina os benefícios de resistência física e hipertrofia. Este método de ensino executa o exercício isométrico com o peso corporal adequado. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento isométrico com pesos sobre a força explosiva dos membros inferiores nos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Selecionou-se 20 jogadores de futebol por amostragem aleatória, divididos igualmente em grupo experimental e controle. Utilizou-se a situação real de treino dos atletas. O grupo experimental adotou o método de ensino por isometria com peso enquanto o grupo de controle utilizou o treinamento convencional de força muscular. A força dos membros inferiores dos dois grupos de atletas foi comparada antes e após o experimento. Resultado: A taxa de crescimento da força extensora nos grupos experimentais foi significativamente aumentada em velocidades médias, altas e baixas, enquanto o torque de pico não apresentou alterações significativas. Os jogadores de futebol tiveram sua força muscular aprimorada. Houve uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (P<0,05). Conclusão: O treinamento isométrico com pesos melhora significativamente a força muscular extensora média e rápida nos jovens jogadores de futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El método de enseñanza por isometría con peso combina los beneficios de la resistencia física y la hipertrofia. Este método de enseñanza realiza el ejercicio isométrico con el peso corporal adecuado. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento isométrico con pesas sobre la fuerza explosiva de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 20 jugadores de fútbol por muestreo aleatorio, divididos por igual en grupo experimental y grupo de control. Se utilizó la situación real de entrenamiento de los atletas. El grupo experimental adoptó el método de enseñanza por isometría con peso, mientras que el grupo de control utilizó el entrenamiento de fuerza muscular convencional. Se comparó la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores de los dos grupos de atletas antes y después del experimento. Resultados: La tasa de crecimiento de la fuerza extensora en los grupos experimentales aumentó significativamente a velocidades medias, altas y bajas, mientras que el par máximo no mostró cambios significativos. Los jugadores de fútbol mejoraron su fuerza muscular. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (P<0,05). Conclusión: El entrenamiento isométrico con pesas mejora significativamente la fuerza de los músculos extensores medios y rápidos en jóvenes futbolistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Preparation of static training animal models and research status analysis / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

As a form of Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)Qigong exercises and an essential part of exercise therapy,static training has proven clinical efficacy.However,further evidence is required to reveal its mechanism of action provided by animal experiments.There are four major ways to establish static training animal models:pole climbing,hind-limb suspension,isometric-contraction weight bearing,and electrical stimulation.These models have been used to study diseases of the motor,circulatory,and endocrine systems,etc.,and the mechanism has got extensive exploration.It reviewed static training animal models and the research progress to provide theoretical evidence for static training's experimental research and mechanism exploration.

Asociación entre variables de empuje Isométrico de media pierna (EIMP) con variables antropométricas y cualidades físicas en jugadores varones de Rugby Amateurs / Relationships between Isometric Mid-Thigh pull with anthropometric variables and physical qualities in Amateur Rugby players / Relações entre a puxada isométrica do meio da coxa com variáveis antropométricas e qualidades físicas em jogadores amadores de rugby

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es describir el perfil de las variables del EIMP entre las dos posiciones de juego y determinar las posibles asociaciones con las características antropométricas y las cualidades físicas de un grupo de jugadores Rugby amateurs chilenos. Hipótesis: es por eso por lo que podemos plantear como hipótesis la existencia de asociaciones entre las variables de EIMP y las cualidades físicas de los jugadores de RU. Diseño metodológico: este estudio tiene un diseño de cohorte observacional, descriptivo y correlacional. Se investigó la asociación existente entre las variables de EIMP con las pruebas físicas y las variables antropométricas. Fueron evaluados treinta y dos jugadores de rugby varones de nivel amateurs chilenos (promedio ( DE, edad, 23,3 ( 5,4 años). Resultados: para la variable Masa Muscular se encontraron asociaciones grandes (r = 0.53) (p = 0.001) con la FM y asociaciones moderadas (r = 0,48) (r = 0,47) (r = 0,44) (r = 0,46) con F50, F100, F150 y F200 respectivamente. También se pueden observar las asociaciones grandes (R2 = 0,305) (R2 = 0,297) (R2 = 0,267) entre 1RM PB y F200, F100 y F150, respectivamente. Conclusión: en conclusión, este estudio puede demostrar la existencia de asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre algunas de las variables antropométricas y físicos con las variables de Fuerza de EIMP en jugadores de RU amateurs chilenos.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe the profile of the EIMP variables between two playing positions and to determine its possible associations with anthropometric characteristics and physical qualities of a group of Chilean amateur rugby players. HYPOTHESIS: There are associations between the EIMP variables and the physical qualities of UR players. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN: This study has an observational, descriptive and correlational cohort design. The association between the EIMP variables, from the physical tests, and the anthropometric variables was investigated. Thirty-two Chilean amateur-level male rugby players were evaluated (mean ( SD, age, 23.3 ( 5.4 years). RESULTS: For the Muscle Mass variable, large associations were found (r=0.53) (p=0.001) to FM, and moderate associations (r=0.48) (r=0.47) (r=0.44) (r =0.46) to F50, F100, F150, and F200 respectively. Large associations (R2=0.305) (R2=0.297) (R2=0.267) between 1RM PB and F200, F100, and F150, respectively, can also be observed. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study can demonstrate the existence of statistically significant associations between some of the anthropometric and physical variables and the EIMP Strength variables in Chilean amateur UR players.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o perfil das variáveis EIMP entre as duas posições de jogo e determinar as possíveis associações com as características antropométricas e qualidades físicas de um grupo de jogadores amadores de rugby chilenos. HIPÓTESE: É por isso que podemos hipotetizar a existência de associações entre as variáveis do EIMP e as qualidades físicas dos jogadores do RU. DESENHO METODOLÓGICO: Este estudo tem um desenho de coorte observacional, descritivo e correlacional. Investigou-se a associação entre as variáveis do EIMP com os testes físicos e as variáveis antropométricas. Trinta e dois jogadores de rugby masculinos de nível amador chileno foram avaliados (média ( DP, idade, 23,3 ( 5,4 anos). RESULTADOS: Para a variável Massa Muscular foram encontradas grandes associações (r=0,53ejercicio y cualidades físicos) (r=0,47) (r=0,44) (r=0,46) com F50, F100, F150 e F200 respectivamente. Grandes associações (R2=0,305) (R2=0,297) (R2=0,267) entre 1RM PB e F200, F100 e F150 respebaloncestotambém podem ser observadas. CONCLUSÃO: Em conclusão, este estudo pode demonstrar a existência de associações estatisticamente significativas entre algumas das variáveis antropométricas e físicas com as variáveis EIMP Força em jogadores amadores do RU chilenos.

Strength of scapular elevation in women with TMD and asymptomatic women - a cross-sectional study

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is recognized for its high prevalence, presenting characteristic signs and symptoms. Cervical spine pain is present in 70% of diagnosed TMD cases. Aim To verify if women with TMD present changes in isometric muscle strength in the scapula elevation. Methods This is an observational, cross-sectional study. Thirty-five women, aged 22.89±2.04 years, were divided into the TMD group (TMDG), diagnosed with TMD according to the DC/TMD, and control group (CG), with asymptomatic individuals. The volunteers accessed a online link by the smartphone in order to answer questions on personal data, the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Masticatory preference. In all participants, evaluation of the force of the scapula elevation muscles was performed, using a load cell model MM-100 (Kratos® SP, Brazil). Data were analyzed descriptively using the maximum, mean, and standard deviation and a two-way ANCOVA test was applied for all variables. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the TMDG and CG for the maximal and mean muscle strength of scapular elevation. There were statistically significant differences in FAI (p <0.001*) between the CG and the TMDG. Conclusion Based on the results, it was not possible to confirm the hypothesis that women diagnosed with TMD present lower isometric strength during scapular elevation (right/left).

Effect of endurance training on sympathetic reactivity by sustained hand grip test

Background: The endurance training plays a key role in maintaining not only the physical fitness but also overall wellness of an individual. It boosts up the immune system and cardiovascular endurance. The training responses were found to be better in hypertensive patients as compared to normotensives. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of endurance training on blood pressure (BP) response to sustained hand grip in the study group and control group before and after 3 months of training. Materials and Methods: Sixty apparently healthy young subjects divided into two groups: Exercise group (30 subjects) control group (30 subjects). Exercise group performed endurance training by running on treadmill alternately for 3 months, while control group did nothing. Tests were carried out with the help of CANWin machine which uses Tacho Cardio Gramme response to sustained hand grip for assessment of sympathetic function reactivity. For the test, subjects were asked to maintain the pressure on dynamometer for 5 min at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. The BP was recorded at first before start of isometric contraction and at 5 min after the onset of isometric contraction. Results: No statistically significant difference was found in the mean systolic BP (SBP) and mean diastolic BP (DBP) between the exercise and the control group before exercise and after 5 min during exercise. Statistically significant difference was found in the mean change in DBP, but no significant mean change in SBP was found between exercise and control group before exercise and 5 min after (during exercise) after completing endurance training. A significant difference was observed among the exercise group in the change in SBP at 5 min after hand grip during exercise. Conclusion: Parasympathetic functions show favorable changes with aerobic exercise, while sympathetic system does not show such responses.

The Reference Values for Muscle Mass and Strength in Healthy Indian Adults Using Whole-Body Potassium Counter and Isokinetic Dynamometer

The study aims to define the sex‑based reference data for muscle mass and strength among healthy young Indians and to compare the data from the present study with available literature. Healthy Indian adults (n = 100) aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited. The assessment of muscle mass and strength was performed. The body cell mass (BCM), fat‑free mass, and muscle strength parameters were significantly higher among males compared to females (P < 0.001). A comparison of the current study data with the available literature showed that though BCM was comparable, Indians demonstrated a significantly lower isometric peak torque (P < 0.001 for both sexes). These findings suggest that Indians tend to have a lower muscle strength compared to the Western population, despite having a comparable BCM content.

Gender-based Variations in Trunk Motion and Isometric Strength in Young Adults with Low Back Pain: A Prospective Case-control Study / Variações baseadas em gênero no movimento e na força isométrica do tronco em jovens adultos com dor lombar: Um estudo de caso-controle prospectivo

Abstract Objective To determine gender-based variations in trunk range of motion (RoM) and isometric strength (IS) in symptomatic and asymptomatic young adults. Methods In this prospective case-control study, 73 subjects with low back pain (LBP) and 80 asymptomatic subjects were analyzed. Dynamometer-based device trunk RoM and IS measurements in extension, flexion, and rotation were compared in both groups and gender-based subgroups. Multivariate analysis was used to determine factors influencing trunk RoM and IS. Results Symptomatic males had significantly less extension RoM and extension, flexion, and rotation isometric trunk strength (ITS) (p < 0.0001) compared with asymptomatic males, whereas no significant difference was found between asymptomatic and symptomatic females. However, the mean extension-flexion RoM and mean extension-flexion ITS ratios were significantly lower (p = 0.04) in asymptomatic females compared with symptomatic females. Female gender was significantly associated with less extension and flexion ITS in both asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. Conclusion Males with LBP had significant global ITS weakness when compared with asymptomatic males. Despite no significant ITS difference in symptomatic versus asymptomatic females, LBP caused significant extension-flexion RoM and ITS imbalance in females. These gender-based variations in trunk RoM and IS, especially the extensor-flexor IS imbalance in females, must be considered while designing rehabilitation treatment protocols for LBP.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar as variações na amplitude de movimento (ADM) do tronco e na força isométrica do tronco (FIT) em jovens adultos sintomáticos e assintomáticos baseadas no gênero dos indivíduos. Métodos Neste estudo caso-controle prospectivo, 73 indivíduos com dor lombar (DL) e 80 indivíduos assintomáticos foram analisados. As medidas de ADM do tronco e FIT de extensão, flexão e rotação foram comparadas em ambos os grupos e em subgrupos organizados por gênero. A análise multivariada foi usada para determinar os fatores que influenciam a ADM do tronco e a FIT. Results Symptomatic males had significantly less extension RoM and extension, flexion, and rotation isometric trunk strength (ITS) (p < 0.0001) compared with asymptomatic males, whereas no significant difference was found between asymptomatic and symptomatic females. However, the mean extension-flexion RoM and mean extension-flexion ITS ratios were significantly lower (p = 0.04) in asymptomatic females compared with symptomatic females. Female gender was significantly associated with less extension and flexion ITS in both asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. Conclusão Indivíduos do sexo masculino com DL apresentaram significativa fraqueza global relacionada à FIT quando comparados com indivíduos do sexo masculino assintomáticos. Apesar de não haver diferença significativa de FIT em indivíduos do sexo feminino sintomáticos versus assintomáticos, a DL impactou a ADM e a FIT de extensão-flexão em indivíduos do sexo feminino. Essas variações de ADM do tronco e FIT baseadas no sexo, especialmente o desequilíbrio extensor-flexor de força isométrica em indivíduos do sexo feminino, devem ser consideradas ao projetar-se protocolos de tratamento de reabilitação para lombalgia.

Fuerza isométrica máxima de cuádriceps e isquiotibiales y funcionalidad luego de la artroplastia total de rodilla / Maximum isometric force of the quadriceps and hamstrings and functionality after total knee arthroplasty

Resumen La gonartrosis es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia en adultos mayores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los cambios en la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps y su efecto en la funcionalidad de los pacientes operados de artroplastia total de rodilla (ATR) sometidos a kinesiterapia en el Hospital El Carmen de Maipú (HEC). A todos los operados de ATR se les midió, pre y post intervención, fuerza isométrica máxima (FIM), Time Up and Go, test de pararse y sentarse, apoyo unipodal y la escala WOMAC. La FIM de la rodilla operada y la no operada, es mayor en flexión y extensión al comparar ambos géneros (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001, respectivamente). En el up and go y la prueba pararse y sentarse el rendimiento fue significativamente superior para el género masculino en relación al femenino (p = 0.001; p = 0.007, respectivamente). En el WO MAC, existieron diferencias significativas pre y post intervención en hombres y mujeres (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001, respectivamente). Los pacientes con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) > 30 kg/m2 tienen 3 veces menos posi bilidades [OR = -3.498; IC (0.062-1.067)] de permanecer en tratamiento en un plazo menor a 50 días. Por otra parte, las lesiones en la rodilla no dominante (izquierda) tiene 4 veces más posibilidades de tratamiento inferior a 50 días [(OR = 2.71; IC (1.000-16.252)]. Existió un aumento de la FIM de la rodilla tratada post intervención, en ambos géneros. La funcionalidad aumentó en hombres y mujeres, posterior a la intervención.

Abstract Gonarthrosis is a highly prevalent disease in older adults. The objective of this re search was to identify changes in quadriceps muscle strength and their impact on the functionality of total knee replacement (TKA) operated patients undergoing kinesitherapy at Hospital El Carmen de Maipú (HEC). All TKA operated patients were measured, pre and post intervention, maximum isometric strength (MIF), Time Up and Go, Standing and sitting test, Unipodal support and the WOMAC scale. The operated and contralateral MIF is higher in flexion and extension when comparing both genders (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001, respectively). In the up and go and the standing and sitting test, performance was significantly higher for males than for females (p = 0.001; p = 0.007, respectively). In the WOMAC, there were significant differences before and after the intervention in men and women (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 are 3 times less likely [OR = -3.498; CI (0.062-1.067)] to receive treatment in a period of less than 50 days. On the other hand, injuries to the non-dominant (left) knee have a 4 times greater chance of stay in treatment in less than 50 days [(OR = 2.71; CI (1.000-16.252)]. There was an increase in MIF of the knee treated post-intervention, in both genders. Functionality increased in men and women, after the intervention.

A comparative study of transtibial approach and assisted medial approach for femoral tunnel near-isometric reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To compare the location and efficacy of femoral tunnel near-isometric reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) between the transtibial and assisted medial approaches.Methods:The clinical data of 47 patients were retrospectively analyzed who had been admitted by Department of Orthopaedics, The 904 Hospital of PLA for ACL rupture from January 2018 to December 2019. They were divided into 2 groups according to different surgical approaches. In groups A of 21 cases, there were 15 males and 6 females with an age of (29.5 ± 4.8) years and their ACL was reconstructed through the transtibial approach with adjustable Endobutton plate; in group B of 26 cases, there were 18 males and 8 females with an age of (31.2 ± 9.6) years and their ACL was reconstructed through the assisted medial approach with adjustable Endobutton plate. The 2 groups were compared in terms of location of femoral tunnel, Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score at the last follow-up, and anterior-posterior and rotational stability of the knee joint.Results:There was no significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). The 47 patients were followed up for 18 to 27 months (average, 22.3 months). As for the center of the inner opening of the femoral tunnel located by the four grid table method, the X-axis loci was 25.6% ± 2.5% and 26.7% ± 1.8% respectively in groups A and B, showing no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05) while the Y-axis loci 19.8% ± 2.0% and 30.6% ± 1.5% respectively in groups A and B, showing a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). At the last follow-up, the lyholm scores were 90.9 ± 3.4 and 92.4 ± 3.9 and the IKDC scores 89.9 ± 3.5 and 90.2 ± 3.8 respectively in groups A and B, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference either in the results of front drawer test, Lachman test or axial displacement test between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In femoral tunnel near-isometric reconstruction of ACL, the transtibial approach can result in a tunnel location which is closer to the top of the condyle than the assisted medial approach, but both approaches can lead to satisfactory curative efficacy in the short postoperative period.

Effect of intensive isometric strength training of hip adductor on functional ankle instability / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the effect of intensive hip adductor isometric strength training on the balance ability of functional ankle joint instability. Methods From November, 2019 to January, 2020, 18 college students with functional ankle instability were recruited from a university in Shenzhen and randomly divided into control group (n = 9) and experimental group (n = 9). Both groups received ankle stability training, and the experimental group received isometric muscle strength training of hip adductor in addition, one hour a time, three times a week, for four weeks. The Cumberland Ankle Instability Assessment Questionnaire (CAIT), Y Balance Test (YBT), Balance-check balance equipment and Back-check hip adductor maximum isometric strength test were performed before and after training. Results After training, the scores of CAIT, YBT and balance-check increased in both groups (t > 2.540, P < 0.05); the strength of adductor hip muscle significantly increased in the experimental group (t = 8.485, P < 0.001). The d-value of CAIT score, YBT distance, the score of Balance-check, and the strength of adductor hip muscle were more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.168, P < 0.05); the d-value of the average rotation speed, the maximum rotation speed and the balance level were less in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.804, P < 0.05). Conclusion Hip adductor isometric muscle strength training may promote the recovery of the balance after functional ankle instability.

Effects of isometric handgrip training on blood pressure among hypertensive patients seen within public primary healthcare: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Meta-analyses have demonstrated that isometric handgrip training (IHT) decreases blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Nonetheless, most studies were conducted in laboratory settings and its effects in real-world settings remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of IHT on office and ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients attended within primary healthcare. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized controlled trial conducted in primary healthcare units within the Family Health Program, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: 63 hypertensive patients (30-79 years old; 70% female) were randomly allocated into IHT or control groups. IHT was performed three times per week (4 x 2 minutes at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, one-minute rest between bouts, alternating the hands). Before and after the 12-week training period, office and ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate variability were obtained. The significance level was set at P < 0.05 (two-tailed testing) for all analyses. RESULTS: IHT significantly decreased office systolic blood pressure (IHT: 129 ± 4 versus 121 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.05; control: 126 ± 4 versus 126 ± 3 mmHg, P > 0.05), whereas there was no effect on diastolic blood pressure (IHT: 83 ± 3 versus 79 ± 2 mmHg, P > 0.05; control: 81 ± 3 versus 77 ± 3 mmHg, P > 0.05). Heart rate variability and ambulatory blood pressure were not altered by the interventions (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: IHT reduced office systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients attended within primary care. However, there were effects regarding diastolic blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure or heart rate variability. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03216317.

How does the increase of body mass and ageing affect sprinter's results in a 100 m run? / ¿Cómo afecta el aumento de la masa corporal y el envejecimiento a los resultados del velocista en una carrera de 100 m?

SUMMARY: The career of a sprinter is analyzed with U. Bolt achievements as an example. The effects of the increase of body mass and ageing are discussed within the framework of the polynomial models for the velocity, muscular isometric force and age. The analysis presented demonstrates the influence of the BM factor in analyzed racing. The nonlinear increase of the BM for 9 kg in the period 2009 - 2017 in was one of the reasons of Bolt's unsuccessful attempt to repeat or confirm the time 9.58 s. Another limiting factor was the fact that due to the age, Bolt was not able to increase isometric muscular force which, after the year of maximal efficiency (2009) decreased.

RESUMEN: La carrera de un velocista se analiza con los logros de U. Bolt como ejemplo. Los efectos del aumento de la masa corporal y el envejecimiento se discuten en el marco de los modelos polinomiales de velocidad, fuerza isométrica muscular y edad. El análisis presentado demuestra la influencia del factor MC en el análisis en las carreras. El aumento no lineal de la MC para 9 kg en el período 2009 - 2017 fue una de las razones del intento fallido de Bolt de repetir o confirmar el tiempo 9,58 s. Otro factor limitante fue el hecho de que debido a la edad, Bolt no fue capaz de aumentar la fuerza muscular isométrica que disminuyó luego del año de máxima eficiencia (2009).

Norms Of Prone Plank Testing For Isometric Endurance Assessment In Indian Healthy College Aged Individuals - An Observational Cross Sectional Study

Background:Assessment of Musculoskeletal performance is crucial to analyze for development and improvement of required goals and reducing risk of injuries. Isometric endurance assessment of core, as a part of this analysis is often done with techniques that are valid. Objective: To develop normative percentile separated by genderof hold time of prone plank in Indian college aged individuals, investigate effect of habitual physical activity along with reason for test termination and effect of BMI with hold time of testing. Material And Methods:206 individuals meeting the inclusion criteria performed the prone plank test as long as they can and time was noted. Result:Males produced significantly longer test duration than females and BMI is inversely proportional to hold time. Conclusion:These normative percentiles for abdominal endurance suggest that the abdominal plank test can now be used as an alternative to other abdominal assessments in Indian college students.

The effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on strength, pain, and function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis / Efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular na força, dor e função em indivíduos com osteoartrite de joelho: uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise / Efectos de la electroestimulación neuromuscular sobre la fuerza, el dolor y la función en personas con osteoartritis de la rodilla: una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis

ABSTRACT We aimed to investigate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle strength, pain relief, and improvement in function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Databases were searched from December 2017 to July 2020 and included PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. A manual search was also performed by checking the reference lists of eligible articles. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The studies selected compared NMES with an exercise program on isometric muscle strength as a primary outcome. The secondary outcomes were pain and function. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Risk of Bias assessment and PEDro scale, and the overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Eight studies were included in this systematic review. A total of 571 patients were analyzed. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation associated with exercise promoted an increase in isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle compared to the active control group, demonstrating heterogeneity and statistical difference (95% CI=1.16 to 5.10, I2=97%, p=0.002; very low-certainty evidence). NMES associated with exercise did not improve physical function (95% CI=−0.37 to 0.59, I2=0%, p=0.67; low-certainty evidence) and showed controversial results for pain compared to an active control group (qualitative assessment). In conclusion, NMES induces an increase in muscle strength in patients with osteoarthritis compared to an active control group. No differences were found for physical function and pain outcomes. Further research is needed due to the uncertain level of evidence.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) na força muscular, alívio da dor e melhora da função em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho. Realizou-se uma pesquisa em diferentes bases de dados, como PubMed, Embase, LILACS e o Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, no período de dezembro de 2017 até julho de 2020. Procedeu-se a uma busca manual com o intuito de verificar as listas de referências dos artigos elegíveis. As diretrizes PRISMA foram seguidas. Os estudos selecionados comparavam a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular com um programa de exercícios de força muscular isométrica como desfecho primário. Os resultados secundários foram dor e função. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada usando avaliação de risco de viés e a escala PEDro e a qualidade geral das evidências foi avaliada usando a abordagem GRADE. Oito estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática com um total de 571 pacientes analisados. A EENM associada ao exercício promoveu o aumento da força isométrica do músculo quadríceps em relação ao grupo controle ativo, demonstrando heterogeneidade e diferença estatística (IC 95%=1,16 a 5,10, I2=97%, p=0,002; evidência de muito baixa certeza), mas não melhorou a função física (IC 95%=−0,37 a 0,59, I2=0%, p=0,67; evidência de baixa certeza) e mostrou resultados controversos para dor em comparação ao grupo de controle ativo (avaliação qualitativa). Conclui-se que a EENM induz o aumento da força muscular em pacientes com osteoartrite, porém não foram encontradas diferenças nos resultados de funcionalidade e dor em comparação com o grupo de controle ativo. Devido à incerteza das evidências, são necessárias mais pesquisas sobre o assunto.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de la electroestimulación neuromuscular (NMES) sobre la fuerza muscular, el alivio del dolor y la mejora de la función en pacientes con osteoartritis de la rodilla. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, LILACS y Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, en el periodo de diciembre de 2017 y julio de 2020. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda manual para verificar las listas de referencias de los artículos elegibles. Se aplicó las pautas PRISMA. Los estudios seleccionados compararon la electroestimulación neuromuscular con un programa de ejercicio de fuerza muscular isométrica como resultado primario. Los resultados secundarios fueron el dolor y la función. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó mediante la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo y la escala PEDro, y la calidad general de la evidencia se estimó con el uso del sistema GRADE. Ocho estudios con un total de 571 pacientes compusieron esta revisión sistemática. La EENM asociada con el ejercicio aumentó la fuerza isométrica del músculo cuádriceps en comparación con el grupo control activo, demostrando una heterogeneidad y diferencia estadística (IC 95%=1,16 a 5,10, I2=97%, p=0,002; evidencia con muy baja seguridad), pero no mejoró la función física (IC 95%=−0,37 a 0,59, I2=0%, p=0,67; evidencia con baja seguridad) y mostró resultados controvertidos para el dolor en comparación con el grupo control activo (evaluación cualitativa). Se concluyó que la EENM indujo un aumento de la fuerza muscular en pacientes con osteoartritis, pero no se encontraron diferencias en los resultados de función y dolor en comparación con el grupo control activo. Debido a la incertidumbre de la evidencia, se necesitan más estudios sobre el tema.

Delayed onset muscle soreness intensity affects muscular performance / El Dolor muscular de aparición tardía afecta el desempeño muscular

Abstract Background: The study of functional impact of delayed onset muscle soreness has been limited to describe the decline on maximal isometric contraction, but muscular work and time to peak torque has not been examined yet. Purpose: To describe the changes induced by a session of lengthening contractions on muscle performance and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Institutional laboratory; Twenty healthy men; mean age 21 SD 0.34 were recruited, all subjects performed 200 lengthening contractions of the quadriceps at 120°/s. Isometric and isokinetic peak torque, muscular work, time to peak torque, DOMS and creatine kinase activity were assessed at baseline, 48 h and 96 h post-exercise. The muscle performance was assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer and DOMS with a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Relative to baseline, isometric and isokinetic peak torque and muscular work decreased in ~30% at 48 h post-exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness increased ~300%, which remained at 96 h post-exercise. Conclusions: These reflect that the decline in muscular performance is due to the changes in peak torque and muscular work, which has greater implications on muscle function. No changes were detected in time to peak torque. The alterations in muscular performance variables are accompanied by delayed onset muscle soreness which has also a negative impact on force production (29% of the drop on peak torque is explain by soreness intensity).

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios de impacto funcional del dolor muscular de aparición tardía (DMAT) se han limitado a describir la disminución de la contracción isométrica máxima, pero aún no se ha examinado el trabajo muscular y el tiempo del torque máximo. Objetivo: Describir los cambios inducidos por una sesión de ejercicio excéntrico sobre el rendimiento muscular y DMAT. Método: se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, los participantes fueron veinte hombres sanos; edad media 21 DE 0,34, todos los sujetos realizaron 200 contracciones excéntricas del cuádriceps a 120°/s. Se evaluó el torque pico isométrico e isocinético, el trabajo muscular, el tiempo hasta el torque máximo, DMAT y la actividad de la creatina quinasa al inicio, 48 h y 96 h después del ejercicio, el rendimiento muscular se evaluó con un dinamómetro isocinético y DOMS con una escala análoga visual (EAV). Resultados: en relación con la línea de base, el torque pico isométrico e isocinético y el trabajo muscular disminuyeron en ~ 30 % a las 48 h post-ejercicio; El dolor muscular de aparición tardía aumentó ~300 %, que permaneció 96 h después del ejercicio. Conclusiones: los resultados reflejan que la disminución del rendimiento muscular se debe a los cambios en el torque pico y trabajo muscular, lo que tiene mayores implicaciones en la función muscular. No se detectaron cambios en el tiempo hasta el torque máximo. Las alteraciones en las variables de rendimiento muscular se acompañan de DMAT que también tiene un impacto negativo en la producción de fuerza (el 29 % de la caída en el torque máximo se explica por la intensidad del dolor).

Influence of maximal isometric strength on 20-meter sprint time / Influência da força isométrica máxima sobre o tempo em sprints de 20 metros / Influencia de la fuerza isométrica máxima sobre el tiempo en sprints de 20 metros

ABSTRACT Introduction The squat is an exercise that is widely used for the development of strength in sports. However, considering that not all sports gestures are vertical, it is important to investigate the effectiveness of propulsive force stimuli applied in different planes. Objective The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of maximum isometric force (MIF) exerted on starting blocks over performance in 5, 10 and 20-meter sprints. Methods Seven high-level male sprinters (mean age ± SD = 28 ± 5.77 years) participated in this study. The variables were: a) MIF in squats and on starting blocks (measured using a functional electromechanical dynamometer [FEMD]), b) time in 5, 10 and 20-m sprints and c) jump height (measured by the squat jump test). For data analysis, a Pearson correlation was performed between the different variables. The criteria for interpreting the strength of the r coefficients were as follows: trivial (<0.1), small (0.1−0.3), moderate (0.3−0.5), high (0.5−0.7), very high (0.7−0.9), or practically perfect (>0.9). The level of significance was p < 0.05. Results There was very high correlation between MIF exerted on starting blocks and performance in the first meters of the sprint (5-m: r = -0.84, p = 0.01). However, there was small correlation between MIF in squats and performance in the first meters of the sprint (5-m: r = -0.22, p < 0.62). Conclusion The MIF applied on starting blocks correlates very high with time in the first meters of the sprint in high-level athletes. In addition, the use of the FEMD provides a wide range of possibilities for evaluation and development of strength with a controlled natural movement. Level of evidence IV; Prognostic Studies - Case series.

RESUMO Introdução O agachamento é um exercício amplamente utilizado para o desenvolvimento de força nos esportes. No entanto, considerando que nem todos os gestos esportivos são verticais, é importante investigar a eficácia dos estímulos de força propulsiva em diferentes planos. Objetivo O principal objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência da força isométrica máxima (FIM) exercida em os blocos de largada sobre o desempenho em sprints de 5, 10 e 20 metros. Métodos Sete velocistas de alto nível do sexo masculino (média ± DP = 28,0 ± 5,77 anos) fizeram parte deste estudo. As variáveis foram: a) FIM no agachamento e nos blocos de largada (avaliados com um dinamômetro eletromecânico funcional (DEF)), b) tempo de sprints de 5, 10 e 20 metros e c) altura do salto (medida pelo teste de squat jump). Para análise dos dados, foi usada a correlação de Pearson entre as diferentes variáveis. Os critérios para interpretar o coeficiente r foi: nulo (< 0,1), pequeno (0,1 a 0,3), moderado (0,3 a 0,5), alto (0,5 a 0,7), muito alto (0,7 a 0,9) ou praticamente perfeito (> 0,9). O nível de significância foi p < 0,05. Resultados Houve correlação muito alta entre a FIM exercida nos blocos de largada e o desempenho nos primeiros metros do sprint (5-m: r = -0,84, p = 0,01). No entanto, a correlação entre o agachamento da FIM e os primeiros metros de sprint foi pequena (5-m: r = -0,22, p < 0,62). Conclusão A FIM aplicada aos blocos de largada teve uma correlação muito alto com o tempo nos primeiros metros de sprint em atletas de alto nível. Além disso, o uso de um DEF oferece uma ampla gama de possibilidades para avaliar e desenvolver força com um movimento natural controlado. Nível de evidência IV; Estudos Prognósticos - Série de casos.

RESUMEN Introducción La sentadilla es un ejercicio ampliamente usado para el desarrollo de fuerza en los deportes. Sin embargo, considerando que no todos los gestos deportivos son verticales, es importante investigar la eficacia de los estímulos de fuerza propulsiva en diferentes planos. Objetivo El principal objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de la fuerza isométrica máxima (FIM) ejercida en los bloques de salida sobre el rendimiento en sprints de 5, 10 y 20 metros. Métodos Siete velocistas de alto nivel del sexo masculino (promedio ± SD = 28,0 ± 5,7 años) formaron parte de este estudio. Las variables fueron: a) FIM en la sentadilla y en los bloques de salida (evaluados con un dinamómetro electromecánico funcional [DEF]) b) tiempo de sprints de 5, 10 y 20-metros y c) altura del salto (medida a través del test de squat jump). Para el análisis de los datos se usó la correlación de Pearson entre las diferentes variables. Los criterios para interpretar el coeficiente r fueron: nulo (<0,1), pequeño (0,1 a 0,3), moderado (0,3 a 0,5), alto (0,5 a 0,7), muy alto (0,7 a 0,9) o prácticamente perfecto (>0,9). El nivel de significancia fue p < 0,05. Resultados Hubo correlación muy alta entre la FIM ejercida en los bloques de salida y el rendimiento en los primeros metros del sprint (5-m: r = -0,84, p = 0,01). Sin embargo, la correlación entre la FIM en sentadilla y los primeros metros de sprint fue pequeña (5-m: r = -0,22, p < 0,62). Conclusión La FIM aplicada a los bloques de salida tuvo una correlación muy alta con el tiempo en los primeros metros de sprint en atletas de alto nivel. Además, el uso de un DEF ofrece una amplia gama de posibilidades para evaluar y desarrollar fuerza con un movimiento natural controlado. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudios pronósticos: Serie de casos.

Association between subjective sleep quality and blood pressure at rest and during exercise in free-living conditions in young women: A pilot study / 体力科学

Sleep disorders are risk factors for hypertension. This adverse effect is especially affected in women. Nevertheless, the impact of sleep habits on the cardiovascular response remains unclear in young women. This study aimed to determine whether sleep habits could affect blood pressure regulation at rest and during exercise in young women. Twenty-two young women participated in this study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), resting blood pressure (BP), and BP response to the 2-minute isometric handgrip exercise, which consists of 25% maximum force production using left hand, were measured. Beat-by-beat arterial BP changes during exercise was measured using the Finapres™ device, and it was averaged every 30 sec before and during exercise; BP reactivity was evaluated by the delta change from rest to exercise. The PSQI score was 5.2 ± 2.2. The resting systolic and diastolic BPs were 105 ± 7 mmHg and 62 ± 7 mmHg, respectively. BP reactivity to the exercise were Δ 4 ± 7 mmHg, Δ 4 ± 7 mmHg, Δ 6 ± 7 mmHg, and Δ 7 ± 9 mmHg, for each 30-sec interval. Poorer sleepers (PSQI > 4.5) showed a tendency toward lower resting systolic BP compared with better sleepers (PSQI < 4.5) (p = 0.069). Systolic BP reactivity to the last 30 sec of exercise was correlated with the PSQI score (r = 0.484, p = 0.022). In conclusion, sleep quality may affect the cardiovascular regulation at rest and during exercise in young women.

Normal Baseline Values for Isometric Shoulder Strength in Scaption for Healthy Filipino Individuals in the 20-30 year Age Group

@#Introduction: Isometric shoulder strength is vital in the management of individuals suffering from shoulder diseases such as rotator cuff tears. Normal values for the working Filipino population who are at risk of developing shoulder problems are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the isometric baseline isometric shoulder strengths in scaption of healthy Filipino individuals aged 20- 30 years old without a history of a shoulder injury. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study measuring the isometric strength values using the handheld IDO isometer of dominant and nondominant shoulder of healthy Filipino individuals aged 20 to 30 years old. Results: There is no significant difference in the mean isometric shoulder strength between the dominant and nondominant arm for both sexes. The male gender scored higher values compared to the female gender and is statistically significant. Conclusion: There is no difference in isometric shoulder strength between the dominant and non-dominant shoulder. Strength differences favour the male gender.

Short-term Effect of Hip Muscles Strengthening on Knee Osteoarthritis / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To compare the short-term effects of hip muscles strengthening and quadriceps strengthening on knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and discuss the advantages of hip muscles strengthening. Methods:From October, 2015 to May, 2016, 42 old females with KOA were divided into two groups equally. They received hip strengthening (HS group) and quadriceps strengthening (QS group) for two weeks, respectively. The pain, stiffness and physical function scores of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were measured. Isokinetic strength peak torque (PT) was assessed for knee extensors and flexors, and 6-minute Walk Test was also evaluated. They were followed up two months later. Results:Before exercise, there was no significant difference in all the indexes between two groups (P > 0.05). Two weeks after exercise, the knee flexor PT (t = -4.038, P = 0.001) and 6-minute walk distance (t = -2.474, P = 0.022) increased in QS group; the pain, stiffness and physical function scores of WOMAC (t > 2.487, P < 0.05), the knee extensor and flexor PT (|t| > 6.370, P < 0.001), and 6-minute walk distance (t = -2.241, P = 0.037) improved in HS group; the scores of WOMAC were lower (t > 2.087, P < 0.05) and the knee extensor PT was higher (t = -5.028, P < 0.001) in HS group than in QS group. At two-months' follow-up, the drop-out rate was significantly lower in HS group than in QS group (χ2 = 13.480, P < 0.001). Conclusion:Hip muscles strengthening is a good choice for KOA in the early stage of treatment, which could avoid the pain in quadriceps training, increase quadriceps strength and improve physical function.